This Article
Right arrow Abstract Freely available
Right arrow Full Text (PDF)
Right arrow Alert me when this article is cited
Right arrow Alert me if a correction is posted
Services
Right arrow Similar articles in this journal
Right arrow Similar articles in PubMed
Right arrow Alert me to new issues of the journal
Right arrow Download to citation manager
Right arrowReprints and Permissions
Right arrow Copyright Information
Right arrow Books from ASM Press
Right arrow MicrobeWorld
Citing Articles
Right arrow Citing Articles via HighWire
Right arrow Citing Articles via Google Scholar
Google Scholar
Right arrow Articles by Accola, M. A.
Right arrow Articles by Göttlinger, H. G.
Right arrow Search for Related Content
PubMed
Right arrow PubMed Citation
Right arrow Articles by Accola, M. A.
Right arrow Articles by Göttlinger, H. G.

Next Article 

Journal of Virology, June 2000, p. 5395-5402, Vol. 74, No. 12
0022-538X/00/$04.00+0
Copyright © 2000, American Society for Microbiology. All rights reserved.

Efficient Particle Production by Minimal Gag Constructs Which Retain the Carboxy-Terminal Domain of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Capsid-p2 and a Late Assembly Domain

Molly A. Accola,1,2 Bettina Strack,1 and Heinrich G. Göttlinger1,3,*

Department of Cancer Immunology and AIDS, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute,1 and Program in Immunology2 and Department of Pathology,3 Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115

Received 14 September 1999/Accepted 16 March 2000


    ABSTRACT
Top
Abstract
Introduction
Materials and Methods
Results
Discussion
References

The human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) Gag precursor Pr55gag by itself is capable of assembling into retrovirus-like particles (VLP). In the present study, we attempted to identify the minimal Gag sequences required for the formation of VLP. Our results show that about 80% of Pr55gag can be either deleted or replaced by heterologous sequences without significantly compromising VLP production. The smallest chimeric molecule still able to efficiently form VLP was only about 16 kDa. This minimal Gag construct contained the leucine zipper domain of the yeast transcription factor GCN4 to substitute for the assembly function of nucleocapsid (NC), followed by a P-P-P-P-Y motif to provide late budding (L) domain function, and retained only the myristylation signal and the C-terminal capsid-p2 domain of Pr55gag. We also show that the L domain function of HIV-1 p6gag is not dependent on the presence of an active viral protease and that the NC domain of Pr55gag is dispensable for the incorporation of Vpr into VLP.


    INTRODUCTION
Top
Abstract
Introduction
Materials and Methods
Results
Discussion
References

The gag gene is translated into a polyprotein that is sufficient to mediate the formation of retrovirus-like particles (VLP) in the absence of other viral proteins. Subsequent to the assembly of an immature virus particle, the Gag polyprotein is cleaved by the viral protease (PR) to yield the structural proteins of the mature virion. For human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1), the major cleavage products are matrix (MA), capsid (CA), nucleocapsid (NC), and p6 (11, 26). MA remains associated with the host cell-derived lipid envelope of the virion, CA condenses into the characteristic conical core, and NC covers the genomic viral RNA within the core (11, 26).

Several regions of the 55-kDa HIV-1 Gag polyprotein (Pr55gag) have been reported to be crucial for particle formation (11, 13). The N-terminal MA domain harbors a myristylation signal which is essential for virus particle production (3, 19). Furthermore, a basic patch on the surface of the globular core of MA appears to contribute to the selective association of Pr55gag with the plasma membrane by interacting with acidic phospholipids (63). However, several studies have shown that MA can be largely deleted or even entirely replaced by a heterologous myristyl anchor without compromising the formation of extracellular particles (33, 47, 54).

CA, which follows MA in the context of Pr55gag, can by itself assemble in vitro into hollow cylindrical particles reminiscent of viral cores, but the protein concentrations required are relatively high (20, 21, 51). Interestingly, the addition of as few as four MA residues to the N terminus of CA resulted in the assembly of spherical rather than cylindrical particles, indicating that cleavage at the MA-CA junction results in conformational changes that govern the rearrangement of CA into a conical structure during virus maturation (20, 51). CA is a largely alpha -helical molecule with two distinct domains that can fold independently (12, 16, 38). The larger, N-terminal domain is required for core formation and virus infectivity but is dispensable for particle assembly in vivo (2, 8, 45, 46, 52). In contrast, mutations in the C-terminal third of CA, which includes the uniquely conserved major homology region (MHR), often interfere with particle assembly (2, 8, 10, 12, 37, 46). Additionally, certain substitutions or deletions which affect the N terminus of p2, the 14-amino-acid peptide that separates CA from NC, have been reported to induce grossly aberrant budding structures and to reduce the number of extracellular particles (1, 32).

The NC domain contains two copies of a conserved zinc finger-like motif which are required for the encapsidation of the genomic viral RNA (11). In the presence of RNA, NC can dramatically increase the efficiency of in vitro assembly reactions (4, 21), suggesting that NC serves to concentrate Pr55gag on viral RNA during assembly. Mutagenic analyses support this concept by showing that NC is critical for HIV-1 assembly in vivo (6, 9, 61).

The C-terminal p6 domain, which is found only in primate lentiviruses, facilitates the separation of virus particles from the cell (17, 25, 60). Additionally, p6 is required for the incorporation of the accessory viral protein Vpr (30, 35, 43) and has also been implicated in the incorporation of the viral Pol and envelope proteins (41, 59) and in the control of particle size (14, 15). Although p6 is the most variable Gag domain among primate lentiviruses, two highly conserved motifs can be discerned. One of these is located near the C terminus of the domain and, in HIV-1, is essential for the incorporation of Vpr (30, 31, 35). The second conserved motif (P-T/S-A-P-P), located near the N terminus of p6, is crucial for the role of p6 in virus release (17, 25). Domains which function at a late step of the budding process, referred to as L domains, have also been identified in other retroviruses (44, 56, 58) and, most recently, in rhabdoviruses (5). Most of these harbor a sequence which resembles the P-P-P-P-Y motif originally identified at the core of the L domain of Rous sarcoma virus (RSV) (57). However, lentivirus Gag proteins lack the P-P-P-P-Y motif but usually contain one or more copies of the P-T/S-A-P-P motif. As first shown by Parent et al. (42), L domains can act in a positionally independent manner and can be exchanged between unrelated retroviruses.

We recently reported that the C-terminal half of Pr55gag is sufficient for the efficient in vivo assembly and release of VLP (2). Interestingly, it was also recently shown that the roles of the C-terminal NC and p6 domains of Pr55gag in particle production can both be replaced by a leucine zipper domain (62), a sequence which promotes dimerization (40). In the present study, we combine these findings and demonstrate VLP formation by a small chimeric molecule which harbors a leucine zipper domain in place of NC and in which the only HIV-1 Gag components are the six-amino-acid myristylation signal and the C-terminal CA-p2 domain. Efficient VLP formation also required the presence of L domain function, but this function could be provided by a short peptide which contained the P-P-P-P-Y motif.


    MATERIALS AND METHODS
Top
Abstract
Introduction
Materials and Methods
Results
Discussion
References

Plasmids. HXBH10-PR-, which was used to express Pr55gag, is identical to HXBH10, a vpu-positive variant of the HXB2 clone of HIV-1, except for a point mutation that inactivates PR (18). Site-directed mutagenesis was used to create the p41 mutant, which differs from HXBH10 only by a premature termination codon in gag that replaces the codon for the first residue of NC. Similarly, the p6- mutant harbors a premature termination codon in place of codon 1 of p6 (17). The Delta PTAPP mutant is a variant of HXBH10 with an in-frame deletion of codons 7 though 11 of p6 (31). The p6- and Delta PTAPP mutations were also introduced into HXBH10-PR- to prevent proteolytic processing of the mutant Gag precursor. The Delta NC-p1 mutant is a variant of HXBH10 with an in-frame deletion in gag which results in the coding regions for p2 and p6 being fused. The nucleotide sequence at the junction is 5' TCA GCT ACC ATA ATG CTG CAG AGC AGA CCA 3' (with p2 sequences in lightface type and p6 sequences in boldface type).

To obtain the chimeric ZWT variant of HXBH10, site-directed mutagenesis was used to introduce a PstI site into the HXBH10 gag gene immediately 3' to the p2 coding region. By making use of a natural PstI site in the GCN4 coding sequence, we fused GCN4 codons 247 through 280 to the 3' end of the p2 coding region. The nucleotide sequence at the fusion site is 5' TCA GCT ACC ATA ATG CTG CAG CGT ATG AAG 3' (with HIV-1 gag sequences in lightface type and GCN4 sequences in boldface type). In ZWT, GCN4 codon 280 is immediately followed by a PCR-generated termination codon, which in turn is followed by HIV-1 sequences, starting with the NcoI site at nucleotide (nt) 5678 of HXBH10. The ZIL construct is identical to ZWT, except that the GCN4 sequence was derived from a synthetic fragment which has both the a and the d positions of the coiled coil heptad repeats mutated to isoleucine (55). To obtain the ZWT-p6 and ZIL-p6 constructs, SacI cloning sites were generated by standard PCR methods, which allowed us to directly fuse the p6 coding sequence to the 3' end of the GCN4 sequence in the ZWT and ZIL constructs. The nucleotide sequences at the junctions are 5' AAG CTT GTG GGT GAG CTC CAG AGC AGA CCA 3' for ZWT-p6 and 5' AAA CTG ATC GGT GAG CTC CAG AGC AGA CCA 3' for ZIL-p6 (with GCN4 sequences in boldface type and p6 sequences in lightface type). The Delta -ZWT, Delta -ZWT-p6, and Delta -ZIL-p6 constructs are variants of the previously described Delta 8-277 mutant (2); they were obtained by standard cloning methods, making use of an AgeI site in the coding region for the C-terminal CA domain. The Delta -ZWT-p6(t) construct is a derivative of Delta -ZWT-p6 which harbors a premature termination codon in place of codon 15 of p6. The Delta -ZWT-p2b construct was derived from Delta -ZWT by inserting a synthetic sequence which codes for RSV p2b, followed by a stop codon, between the 3' end of the GCN4 sequence and an NcoI site (nt 5678 of HXBH10). Vpu-negative variants of ZWT and Delta -ZWT-p2b were obtained by replacing a SalI-NheI fragment (nts 5789 to 7263 of HXBH10) with the corresponding fragment from HXB2, which harbors a defective vpu gene.

Cell culture, transfection, and viral protein analysis. HeLa cells were grown in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium supplemented with 10% fetal calf serum. Cells (1.4 × 106) were seeded into 80-cm2 tissue culture flasks 24 h prior to transfection. The cultures were transfected with 15 µg of proviral constructs by a calcium phosphate precipitation technique and metabolically labeled with [35S]methionine (50 µCi/ml) from 48 to 60 h posttransfection. Supernatants were clarified by low-speed centrifugation and passaged through 0.45-µm-pore-size filters. VLP released during the labeling period were spun through 20% sucrose cushions (in phosphate-buffered saline) for 2 h at 4°C and 27,000 rpm in a Beckman SW28 rotor. Pelleted VLP were lysed in radioimmunoprecipitation assay buffer (140 mM NaCl, 8 mM Na2HPO4, 2 mM NaH2PO4, 1% Nonidet P-40, 0.5% sodium deoxycholate, 0.05% sodium dodecyl sulfate [SDS]), and viral proteins were directly analyzed by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE).

To control for intracellular expression levels, the labeled cells were lysed in radioimmunoprecipitation assay buffer, and viral proteins were immunoprecipitated with AIDS patient serum as described previously (9). For immunoblot analysis, transfected cells were lysed directly in SDS sample buffer (156 mM Tris-HCl [pH 6.8], 2.5% SDS, 12.5% glycerol, 6% beta -mercaptoethanol). The samples were then heated to 100°C for 5 min, resolved by SDS-PAGE, and electroblotted onto Hybond-C Extra membranes (Amersham Pharmacia Biotech). The membranes were incubated overnight at 4°C with rabbit anti-CA polyclonal antiserum (1:2,000; Advanced Biotechnologies) in the presence of 2% milk to block nonspecific sites, followed by incubation for 1 h at 37°C with a peroxidase-conjugated goat anti-rabbit immunoglobulin G antibody (1:2,000; Cappel). The blots were developed with enhanced chemiluminescence reagents (Amersham Pharmacia Biotech).

Sucrose density gradient fractionation. [35S]methionine-labeled VLP obtained from transfected HeLa cells were concentrated by centrifugation through 20% sucrose cushions, resuspended in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium, and layered on top of a preformed 20 to 60% sucrose gradient (in phosphate-buffered saline). Following centrifugation at 40,000 rpm in an SW41 rotor for 19 h at 4°C, 16 0.5-ml fractions were collected. The fractions were precipitated with 10% trichloroacetic acid and analyzed by SDS-PAGE. The density of each fraction was determined on an Abbe MARK II refractometer.


    RESULTS
Top
Abstract
Introduction
Materials and Methods
Results
Discussion
References

Dimerization and trimerization domains differ in their ability to substitute for NC-p1-p6 in particle formation. Several studies have demonstrated that the C-terminal NC and p6 domains of the HIV-1 Gag polyprotein Pr55gag are crucial for particle assembly and release. Interestingly, Zhang et al. (62) recently reported that particle production can be rescued by replacing the NC-p1-p6 region of Pr55gag with a coiled coil sequence capable of forming parallel homodimers. To explore whether the ability of the coiled coil to assume a particular oligomerization state is crucial, we chose to use versions of the GCN4 leucine zipper domain which form either dimers or trimers in solution and in crystal structures (22, 23, 39). In one case, the coding region for NC-p1-p6 was replaced with the 33 codons for the wild-type GCN4 dimerization domain, yielding the ZWT construct (Fig. 1A). A second construct, ZIL, harbors a GCN4 zipper variant with isoleucine substitutions at four a and four d positions of its heptad repeats. It has been shown that the presence of isoleucine residues at these positions directs trimer formation (22, 23, 55).


View larger version (32K):
[in this window]
[in a new window]
  		FIG. 1.   Replacement of the assembly functions of NC and p6 by GCN4 zipper sequences. (A) Comparison of the domain organizations of the HIV-1 Gag precursor Pr55gag and of mutant Gag molecules. The wavy line at the N termini indicates the presence of a myristylation signal. The position of the MHR within the CA domain is indicated by a cross-hatched box. Horizontal lines denote in-frame deletions, and wild-type or mutant GCN4 zipper (Z) domains inserted in place of Gag sequences are represented by a gray box. (B) VLP formation. HeLa cells were transfected with a PR-defective HIV-1 provirus expressing wild-type Pr55gag or with the indicated Gag mutants, followed by metabolic labeling with [35S]methionine. VLP released during the labeling period were pelleted through sucrose and analyzed by SDS-PAGE. The migration positions of the wild-type and mutant Gag precursors are indicated. (C) Comparison of cell-associated Gag protein levels by Western blotting (WB) with anti-CA antiserum (lanes 1 to 6) or by immunoprecipitation (IP) with patient serum from [35S]methionine-labeled cell lysates (lanes 7 and 8).

To examine whether these modifications affect particle formation, proviral constructs harboring the chimeric gag genes were transfected into HeLa cells. After metabolic labeling with [35S]methionine, extracellular particles were pelleted through sucrose cushions, and their protein content was then directly analyzed by SDS-PAGE. As expected, a mutant which expressed a C-terminally truncated Gag precursor that corresponded precisely to the authentic Gag cleavage intermediate p41 (MA-CA-p2) (Fig. 1A) produced virtually no particles (Fig. 1B, lane 2), despite efficient expression of the truncated Gag product (Fig. 1C). In accordance with the finding that the CREB leucine zipper domain can replace the assembly function of NC-p1-p6 (62), fusing the wild-type GCN4 dimerization domain to the C terminus of p41 dramatically improved particle formation (Fig. 1B, lane 3). Taking into account the number of methionine residues present in each Gag construct, the release levels of ZWT protein in the experiment shown in Fig. 1B, as quantified by PhosphorImager analysis, were about two-thirds those obtained for Pr55gag and were even closer to wild-type levels in other experiments. In contrast, the ZIL construct produced only about 10% the amount of particulate Gag protein seen with the provirus expressing wild-type Pr55gag (Fig. 1B, compare lanes 1 and 5).

Dimerization and trimerization domains are equally capable of substituting for NC-p1. The chimeric constructs described above lacked both NC and the C-terminal p6 domain of Pr55gag. The p6 domain is found only in primate lentiviruses and has been implicated in the final release of assembled particles from the cell surface (17, 25, 42, 60). To determine whether the absence of a p6 domain contributed to the relatively low particle yields obtained with the ZIL construct, the p6 coding sequence was fused in frame to the 3' terminus of the variant GCN4 zipper sequence, yielding ZIL-p6 (Fig. 1A). An analogous construct (ZWT-p6) harboring the wild-type GCN4 leucine zipper sequence in place of NC-p1 was also made. Of note, the MA, CA, p2, and p6 regions encoded by the ZWT-p6 and ZIL-p6 constructs are predicted to be identical to those encoded by the parental HXBH10 provirus.

In contrast to ZWT and ZIL, the ZWT-p6 and ZIL-p6 constructs retained the coding sequence for PR. However, because of the absence of the frameshift site required for the expression of PR (27), the chimeric Gag precursors produced by ZWT-p6 and ZIL-p6 were expected to remain unprocessed. Therefore, the ability of the chimeric constructs to produce particles was again compared to that of a full-length HIV-1 provirus which encodes an inactive PR. After transfection into HeLa cells, the ZWT-p6 and ZIL-p6 constructs both produced amounts of particles similar to those produced by the control expressing wild-type Pr55gag (Fig. 1B, compare lanes 1, 4, and 6). Cells transfected with the Delta NC-p1 construct (Fig. 1A) efficiently expressed a shortened Gag polyprotein but released about 40-fold less particulate Gag protein into the medium than cells expressing Pr55gag (Fig. 1B and C, lanes 7 and 8), confirming the critical role of NC in VLP formation. We conclude that the wild-type and mutant GCN4 zipper domains were both fully capable of replacing the assembly function of NC.

The NC domain is dispensable for Vpr incorporation. Vpr is a small accessory protein of primate lentiviruses which is specifically incorporated into virions. Mutagenic analyses have shown that the incorporation of HIV-1 Vpr into VLP depends on the presence of a C-terminal region of p6 (30, 31, 35). However, in in vitro binding studies, HIV-1 Vpr displayed a significantly higher affinity for NC than for p6, prompting the suggestion that NC cooperates with p6 in the encapsidation of Vpr (7, 34, 49). The availability of the ZWT and ZWT-p6 constructs allowed us to test this model, because they efficiently form VLP in the absence of NC. Because the parental provirus expressing Pr55gag and the ZWT and ZWT-p6 chimeras were all vpr negative, each of these constructs was cotransfected with a plasmid providing HIV-1 Vpr in trans. As a control, the two Gag chimeras were transfected alone. As expected, VLP produced by the ZWT chimera, which lacks a p6 domain, failed to incorporate Vpr (Fig. 2, lane 3). In contrast, VLP formed by the ZWT-p6 chimera incorporated at least as much Vpr as particles produced by full-length Pr55gag (Fig. 2, compare lanes 1 and 5). These results confirm the central role of p6 in the incorporation of Vpr and demonstrate that NC is dispensable.


View larger version (35K):
[in this window]
[in a new window]
  		FIG. 2.   Vpr incorporation in the absence of NC. (A) Schematic representation of the Gag constructs used. See the legend to Fig. 1 for details. (B) Analysis of Vpr incorporation. HeLa cells were transfected with vpr-negative proviral constructs expressing wild-type or mutant Gag precursors. Where indicated, a construct expressing a hemagglutinin epitope-tagged version of HIV-1 Vpr was cotransfected. [35S]methionine-labeled particulate material released into the supernatant was pelleted through sucrose and analyzed directly by SDS-PAGE.

Efficient VLP formation in the absence of MA, the N-terminal CA domain, and NC. We recently reported that the HIV-1 gag sequences coding for MA and for the N-terminal domain of CA are not required for efficient particle assembly or release (2, 47). Taken together with the observation that Pr55gag sequences distal to p2 can be replaced by a coiled coil, these results raised the possibility that the C-terminal domain of CA may be the only component of Pr55gag necessary to obtain particle formation.

To test this hypothesis, we deleted gag codons 8 through 277 from ZWT. The resulting Delta -ZWT construct codes for a 14-kDa protein composed of the six-residue Gag myristylation signal, the C-terminal domain of CA-p2, and the wild-type GCN4 leucine zipper domain (Fig. 3A). Additionally, the Delta 8-277 mutation was introduced into the ZWT-p6 and ZIL-p6 constructs, yielding Delta -ZWT-p6 and Delta -ZIL-p6 (Fig. 3A). We demonstrated previously that the Delta 8-277 deletion, when introduced into a wild-type HIV-1 gag gene, had only moderate effects on particle yields (2). However, in the context of the ZWT construct, the Delta 8-277 deletion reduced VLP production more than 15-fold (Fig. 3B, lane 2). Interestingly, fusing the p6 domain to the C terminus of the ZWT protein increased VLP production to levels which approached those obtained with wild-type Pr55gag (Fig. 3B, lanes 1 to 3). Comparable levels of VLP production were also obtained with the Delta -ZIL-p6 construct (Fig. 3B, lane 4), demonstrating that the oligomerization preference of the coiled coil replacing NC was not crucial. All quantitations take into account the fact that Pr55gag has 15 methionine residues, whereas the mutant Gag forms shown in Fig. 3 contained only 6 methionines. While the intensities of Pr55gag and of the deletion mutants containing p6 appeared similar in Fig. 3B, the mutant bands in fact yielded about threefold fewer counts, as determined by PhosphorImager analysis.


View larger version (25K):
[in this window]
[in a new window]
  		FIG. 3.   Efficient VLP formation by minimal HIV-1 Gag constructs. (A) Schematic drawing illustrating the Gag regions retained and the position of the GCN4 zipper domain used to replace the assembly function of NC. See the legend to Fig. 1 for details. (B) VLP formation by transfected HeLa cells. VLP released during metabolic labeling were pelleted through sucrose and analyzed by SDS-PAGE. The positions of wild-type Pr55gag and of chimeric Gag molecules are indicated on the left. The migration positions of molecular mass markers (in kilodaltons) are indicated on the right.

To confirm that the Delta -ZWT-p6 molecule was released in the form of VLP, we compared the density of the particulate structures produced by the chimeric construct to that of authentic immature HIV-1 virions. HeLa cells transfected with the Delta -ZWT-p6 construct or with a provirus expressing full-length Pr55gag were metabolically labeled with [35S]methionine, and particulate material released into the supernatant was pelleted through 20% sucrose. The pelleted material was pooled and fractionated by sucrose density gradient centrifugation. Labeled proteins were then recovered from each fraction by trichloroacetic acid precipitation and separated by SDS-PAGE. As shown in Fig. 4, the Delta -ZWT-p6 protein was released in particles of uniform density, with a peak at 1.15 g/ml. On average, particles formed by the Delta -ZWT-p6 construct had a somewhat lower density than authentic HIV-1 virions produced by the HXBH10-PR- provirus, consistent with a lower ratio of protein to lipid mass. Taken together, these results show that the C-terminal domain of CA-p2, in combination with a membrane anchor, a protein-protein interaction domain, and p6, can direct the efficient formation of VLP.


View larger version (57K):
[in this window]
[in a new window]
  		FIG. 4.   Comparison of particle densities. [35S]methionine-labeled VLP formed by wild-type Pr55gag and by the chimeric Delta -ZWT-p6 molecule were pooled and fractionated in a 20 to 60% sucrose gradient. Sixteen fractions were collected, precipitated with 10% trichloroacetic acid, and analyzed by SDS-PAGE. The peak Gag protein fractions are shown, and the densities of individual fractions are indicated above each lane. Numbers at right are in kilodaltons.

Requirement for L domain function. Previous studies have shown that p6 facilitates the final separation of HIV-1 virions from the cell surface (17, 25, 60). This so-called L domain function is critically dependent on the presence of a highly conserved P-T/S-A-P-P motif near the N terminus of p6 (17, 25). Furthermore, the first 12 residues of p6, which include the P-T/S-A-P-P motif, can to some extent replace the L domain of RSV (42). To examine whether this N-terminal region of p6 is capable of rescuing VLP production by the Delta -ZWT chimera, the first 14 residues of p6 were fused in frame to the C terminus of the GCN4 zipper sequence. In contrast to full-length p6, the N-terminal p6 fragment only modestly increased VLP production in repeated experiments (data not shown), indicating that the P-T/S-A-P-P motif is not sufficient for full L domain function.

The potent enhancement of VLP production by full-length p6 suggested that the Delta -ZWT chimera is defective at a late stage of budding. However, it also remained possible that the full-length p6 domain contributed additional Gag-Gag contact sites that became critical for early assembly steps in the absence of large portions of Pr55gag. In an effort to distinguish between these possibilities, we examined whether the defect of the Delta -ZWT chimera could be corrected by the entirely unrelated L domain of RSV. The RSV L domain has been fine mapped to a conserved P-P-P-P-Y motif in the p2b region of the Gag precursor and has been shown to function in a positionally independent manner (42, 57). Remarkably, when fused to the C terminus of the Delta -ZWT molecule (Fig. 5A), the 11-amino-acid RSV p2b peptide enhanced VLP formation as effectively as the entire HIV-1 p6 domain, causing an approximately 20-fold increase in the release of particulate Gag protein (Fig. 5B, lane 4). As expected, this result was not due to increased expression levels, because the intracellular steady-state levels of the Delta -ZWT and Delta -ZWT-p2b molecules, as detected by immunoblotting with anti-CA antiserum, were comparable (Fig. 5C). In addition to the predicted 16-kDa product, VLP formed by the Delta -ZWT-p2b construct contained several slower-migrating species (Fig. 5B, lane 4) whose identities are currently under investigation. Taken together, our results support the notion that the 14-kDa Delta -ZWT Gag protein is assembly competent but requires an L domain for efficient VLP release.


View larger version (34K):
[in this window]
[in a new window]
  		FIG. 5.   Rescue of VLP formation by the L domain of RSV. (A) Schematic presentation of the Gag constructs used. The RSV p2b peptide attached to the C terminus of the wild-type GCN4 leucine zipper (Z) is represented by a black box, and the amino acid sequence of p2b is given in the one-letter code. See the legend to Fig. 1 for other details. (B) VLP formation by transfected HeLa cells. [35S]methionine-labeled particulate material released into the medium was pelleted through sucrose and analyzed directly by SDS-PAGE. Numbers at right are in kilodaltons. (C) Cell-associated Gag detected by Western blotting (WB) with anti-CA antiserum.

Requirement for Vpu. Vpu, a small accessory protein unique to HIV-1, can significantly enhance the release of virus particles from the cell surface (18, 29, 50). To determine whether the effect of Vpu depends on specific Gag domains, variants of the ZWT and Delta -ZWT-p2b constructs lacking a vpu initiation codon were made. Consistent with previous work (18), HeLa cells transfected with a vpu-negative variant expressing full-length Pr55gag released 25-fold less particulate Gag protein than cells transfected with the vpu-positive version (Fig. 6, lanes 1 and 2). In the absence of Vpu, the levels of the ZWT and Delta -ZWT-p2b proteins in the particulate fractions were higher than those of full-length Pr55gag (Fig. 6, lanes 1, 3, and 5), indicating that the presence of the GCN4 leucine zipper reduced the requirement for Vpu for efficient VLP release. However, the ZWT and Delta -ZWT-p2b constructs both remained responsive to Vpu (Fig. 6, lanes 3 to 6), indicating that neither MA, the N-terminal domain of CA, NC, nor p6 is required.


View larger version (39K):
[in this window]
[in a new window]
  		FIG. 6.   Effect of Vpu on VLP release. HeLa cells were transfected with proviral constructs harboring a wild-type or mutated gag gene and either an intact or a defective vpu gene. Particulate material released during metabolic labeling was pelleted and analyzed directly by SDS-PAGE. Numbers at right are in kilodaltons.

A role for p6 in particle release by full-length proviruses in the absence of PR. It has been reported that p6 is required for efficient particle formation by full-length HIV-1 proviruses but becomes dispensable in the absence of PR activity (25). However, the results described above show that, at least under certain circumstances, p6 can significantly enhance particle production in the absence of PR. To determine how this PR-independent effect of p6 compares to its role in a full-length provirus, we used variants of the infectious HXBH10 molecular clone and of its PR-negative variant HXBH10-PR- which harbor a premature termination codon that prevents the synthesis of p6 (17). We also made versions of HXBH10 and of HXBH10-PR- that lack the codons for the highly conserved P-T-A-P-P motif in p6, which is required for L domain function (17, 25). Consistent with previous reports (17, 25), particle formation by full-length proviruses encoding active PR decreased dramatically in the absence of the P-T-A-P-P motif or if the p6 domain was missing entirely (Fig. 7A, lanes 1 to 3). However, the p6 mutants also exhibited significant defects in particle formation if PR was inactive (Fig. 7A, lanes 4 to 6), in spite of efficient expression of the mutant Gag proteins (Fig. 7B). Indeed, in the PR-negative context, the absence of the P-T-A-P-P motif reduced particle production by about as much as a lack of Vpu (Fig. 7A, compare lanes 5 and 7), whose effect is independent of PR (18). Thus, at least in our experimental conditions, p6 was required for efficient particle production by full-length proviruses lacking active PR.


View larger version (61K):
[in this window]
[in a new window]
  		FIG. 7.   PR-independent requirement for p6 in the context of a full-length provirus. (A) VLP formation. HeLa cells were transfected with the replication-competent HXBH10 molecular clone (lane 1), with the PR-deficient HXBH10-PR- provirus (lane 4), with a vpu-deficient variant of HXBH10 (lane 7), or with versions of HXBH10 and HXBH10-PR- harboring the indicated mutations in p6 (lanes 2, 3, 5, and 6). [35S]methionine-labeled particulate material released by the transfected cells was sedimented through sucrose and analyzed by SDS-PAGE. Numbers at right are in kilodaltons. (B) Cell-associated Gag protein levels determined by immunoprecipitation (IP) from [35S]methionine-labeled cell lysates with patient serum (lanes 1 to 3) or by Western blotting (WB) with anti-CA antiserum (lanes 4 to 7). WT, wild type; Gag PR, Gag precursor.


    DISCUSSION
Top
Abstract
Introduction
Materials and Methods
Results
Discussion
References

This study demonstrates efficient VLP production by minimal HIV-1 Gag constructs which have NC replaced by a leucine zipper domain and retain only the myristyl anchor, the C-terminal third of CA-p2, and a late assembly domain. In a previous study, the smallest HIV-1 gag gene product capable of forming VLP was a 28-kDa protein which contained the entire CA-p2 region (53). However, the efficiency of VLP formation was low. In the present study, the use of heterologous sequences to replace NC and p6 allowed efficient VLP formation even by a 16-kDa protein that retained only the 6-amino-acid myristylation signal, CA residues 146 to 231, and the 14-amino-acid p2 peptide from the HIV-1 Gag precursor.

The crystal structure of CA residues 146 to 231 shows a globular domain composed of four helices which form a dimer, and equilibrium sedimentation analyses indicate that CA residues 146 to 231 dimerize with an affinity similar to that of the full-length CA protein (12). The MHR, which lies at the N terminus of the domain, does not contribute to the dimer interface (12) but is nevertheless essential for HIV-1 particle assembly (37). In a recent study, we found that all of the MHR had to be retained for efficient VLP formation, even though MA and the entire N-terminal CA domain were dispensable (2). We also retained the p2 "spacer" peptide in our minimal Gag constructs, because it has been shown that mutations in p2 can cause severe defects in the assembly of uniformly curved buds and, as a consequence, in the formation of extracellular particles (1, 32). In the context of Pr55gag, the CA-p2 boundary is predicted to form an additional alpha  helix which is not present in mature CA, and our recent mutagenic analysis supports the view that the propensity of the N terminus of p2 to adopt an alpha -helical conformation is crucial for its role in assembly (1).

The present study confirms that the NC and p6 domains of Pr55gag are both critical for particle formation. However, in accord with previous observations (62), the entire C-terminal NC-p1-p6 region of Pr55gag became dispensable for particle production if a leucine zipper domain was inserted in its place. A mutant zipper domain which forms trimers rather than dimers was also fully capable of replacing NC-p1, suggesting that the role of NC in assembly is mainly to induce proximity and that the oligomerization preference of the region is not crucial. Interestingly, the mutant GCN4 zipper form was clearly less efficient than the wild-type form in replacing the role of p6 in particle formation. A requirement for p6 was even more apparent with Gag constructs which lacked the N-terminal half of Pr55gag, except for six amino acids that provided a myristyl anchor for membrane attachment. In the latter context, even the wild-type leucine zipper domain was unable to replace the role of NC-p1-p6 in assembly or release. However, a dramatic increase in VLP production was obtained if p6, which includes the L domain of Pr55gag, was fused to the C terminus of the zipper sequence. Furthermore, the unrelated 11-amino-acid p2b peptide from the RSV Gag precursor, which also functions as an L domain (42, 56, 57), was as effective as the entire HIV-1 p6 domain in rescuing VLP formation. Taken together, these results indicate that our minimal Gag construct, which retains only the myristyl anchor and the C-terminal CA-p2 domain of Pr55gag, is assembly competent but highly dependent on the presence of an L domain for the final release of VLP.

The role of p6 in virus release has been subject to controversy, as several groups failed to detect a clear requirement for p6 (24, 28, 36, 43, 48). One study appeared to reconcile these observations by showing that p6 is required for particle production in the context of a full-length HIV-1 molecular clone but becomes dispensable if proteolytic processing of the Gag precursor is prevented (25). However, our results with minimal Gag constructs demonstrated that p6 and the unrelated L domain of RSV can both significantly enhance VLP formation in the absence of proteolytic processing. Because of these observations, we reexamined the requirement for p6 in a full-length HIV-1 provirus. In the absence of the p6 domain or of the conserved P-T-A-P-P motif near the N terminus of the domain, substantial defects in particle production remained, even after PR was inactivated. One possible explanation for this discrepancy between our results and those of Huang et al. (25) is that the requirement for p6 depends on Gag expression levels. In support of this possibility, we previously observed that deletions in MA can significantly enhance particle production but that this effect becomes less evident at high Gag expression levels (47).

Intriguingly, while the use of L domains appears widespread, if not universal, among retroviruses, efficient virus release can evidently be achieved in other ways, as exemplified by the ability of leucine zipper domains to replace p6. However, the use of an L domain may allow Gag-Gag interactions to remain sufficiently flexible to permit not only virus assembly and release but also the subsequent rearrangements required for virus maturation and uncoating. Because of their exquisite dependence on the presence of an L domain, the minimal Gag constructs described here should be useful tools for the identification of viral sequences with L domain function.


    ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

We thank Winfried Weissenhorn for generously providing DNA encoding wild-type and mutant GCN4 zipper domains.

This work was supported by National Institutes of Health grants AI29873 and AI28691 (Center for AIDS Research) and by a gift from the G. Harold and Leila Y. Mathers Charitable Foundation.


    FOOTNOTES

* Corresponding author. Mailing address: Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 44 Binney St., Boston, MA 02115. Phone: (617) 632-3067. Fax: (617) 632-3113. E-mail: Heinrich_Gottlinger{at}DFCI.harvard.edu.


    REFERENCES
Top
Abstract
Introduction
Materials and Methods
Results
Discussion
References

1. Accola, M. A., S. Höglund, and H. G. Göttlinger. 1998. A putative alpha -helical structure which overlaps the capsid-p2 boundary in the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 Gag precursor is crucial for viral particle assembly. J. Virol. 72:2072-2078[Abstract/Free Full Text].
2. Borsetti, A., A. Öhagen, and H. G. Göttlinger. 1998. The C-terminal half of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 Gag precursor is sufficient for efficient particle assembly. J. Virol. 72:9313-9317[Abstract/Free Full Text].
3. Bryant, M., and L. Ratner. 1990. Myristoylation-dependent replication and assembly of human immunodeficiency virus 1. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 87:523-527[Abstract/Free Full Text].
4. Campbell, S., and V. M. Vogt. 1995. Self-assembly in vitro of purified CA-NC proteins from Rous sarcoma virus and human immunodeficiency virus type 1. J. Virol. 69:6487-6497[Abstract].
5. Craven, R. C., R. N. Harty, J. Paragas, P. Palese, and J. W. Wills. 1999. Late domain function identified in the vesicular stomatitis virus M protein by use of rhabdovirus-retrovirus chimeras. J. Virol. 73:3359-3365[Abstract/Free Full Text].
6. Dawson, L., and X.-F. Yu. 1998. The role of nucleocapsid of HIV-1 in virus assembly. Virology 251:141-157[CrossRef][Medline].
7. De Rocquigny, H., P. Petitjean, V. Tanchou, D. Decimo, L. Drouot, T. Delaunay, J. L. Darlix, and B. P. Roques. 1997. The zinc fingers of HIV nucleocapsid protein NCp7 direct interactions with the viral regulatory protein Vpr. J. Biol. Chem. 272:30753-30759[Abstract/Free Full Text].
8. Dorfman, T., A. Bukovsky, A. Öhagen, S. Höglund, and H. G. Göttlinger. 1994. Functional domains of the capsid protein of human immunodeficiency virus type 1. J. Virol. 68:8180-8187[Abstract/Free Full Text].
9. Dorfman, T., J. Luban, S. P. Goff, W. A. Haseltine, and H. G. Göttlinger. 1993. Mapping of functionally important residues of a cysteine-histidine box in the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 nucleocapsid protein. J. Virol. 67:6159-6169[Abstract/Free Full Text].
10. Ebbets-Reed, D., S. Scarlata, and C. A. Carter. 1996. The major homology region of the HIV-1 gag precursor influences membrane affinity. Biochemistry 35:14268-14275[CrossRef][Medline].
11. Freed, E. O. 1998. HIV-1 gag proteins: diverse functions in the virus life cycle. Virology 251:1-15[CrossRef][Medline].
12. Gamble, T. R., S. Yoo, F. F. Vajdos, U. K. von Schwedler, D. K. Worthylake, H. Wang, J. P. McCutcheon, W. I. Sundquist, and C. P. Hill. 1997. Structure of the carboxy-terminal dimerization domain of the HIV-1 capsid protein. Science 278:849-853[Abstract/Free Full Text].
13. Garnier, L., J. B. Bowzard, and J. W. Wills. 1998. Recent advances and remaining problems in HIV assembly. AIDS 12:S5-S16.
14. Garnier, L., L. J. Parent, B. Rovinski, S.-X. Cao, and J. W. Wills. 1999. Identification of retroviral late domains as determinants of particle size. J. Virol. 73:2309-2320[Abstract/Free Full Text].
15. Garnier, L., L. Ratner, B. Rovinski, S.-X. Cao, and J. W. Wills. 1998. Particle size determinants in the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 Gag protein. J. Virol. 72:4667-4677[Abstract/Free Full Text].
16. Gitti, R. K., B. M. Lee, J. Walker, M. F. Summers, S. Yoo, and W. I. Sundquist. 1996. Structure of the amino-terminal core domain of the HIV-1 capsid protein. Science 273:231-235[Abstract].
17. Göttlinger, H. G., T. Dorfman, J. G. Sodroski, and W. A. Haseltine. 1991. Effect of mutations affecting the p6 gag protein on human immunodeficiency virus particle release. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 88:3195-3199[Abstract/Free Full Text].
18. Göttlinger, H. G., T. Dorfman, J. G. Sodroski, and W. A. Haseltine. 1993. Vpu protein of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 enhances the release of capsids produced by gag gene constructs of widely divergent retroviruses. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 88:3195-3199.
19. Göttlinger, H. G., J. G. Sodroski, and W. A. Haseltine. 1989. Role of capsid precursor processing and myristoylation in morphogenesis and infectivity of human immunodeficiency virus type 1. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 86:5781-5785[Abstract/Free Full Text].
20. Gross, I., H. Hohenberg, C. Huckhagel, and H.-G. Kräusslich. 1998. N-terminal extension of human immunodeficiency virus capsid protein converts the in vitro assembly phenotype from tubular to spherical particles. J. Virol. 72:4798-4810[Abstract/Free Full Text].
21. Gross, I., H. Hohenberg, and H.-G. Kräusslich. 1997. In vitro assembly properties of purified bacterially expressed capsid proteins of human immunodeficiency virus. Eur. J. Biochem. 249:592-600[Medline].
22. Harbury, P. B., P. S. Kim, and T. Alber. 1994. Crystal structure of an isoleucine-zipper trimer. Nature 371:80-83[CrossRef][Medline].
23. Harbury, P. B., T. Zhang, P. S. Kim, and T. Alber. 1993. A switch between two-, three-, and four-stranded coiled coils in GCN4 leucine zipper mutants. Science 262:1401-1407[Abstract/Free Full Text].
24. Hoshikawa, N., A. Kojima, A. Yasuda, E. Takayashiki, S. Masuko, J. Chiba, T. Sata, and T. Kurata. 1991. Role of the gag and pol genes of human immunodeficiency virus in morphogenesis and maturation of retrovirus-like particles expressed by recombinant vaccinia virus: an ultrastructural study. J. Gen. Virol. 72:2509-2517[Abstract/Free Full Text].
25. Huang, M., J. M. Orenstein, M. A. Martin, and E. O. Freed. 1995. p6gag is required for particle production from full-length human immunodeficiency virus type 1 molecular clones expressing protease. J. Virol. 69:6810-6818[Abstract].
26. Hunter, E. 1994. Macromolecular interactions in the assembly of HIV and other retroviruses. Semin. Virol. 5:71-83.
27. Jacks, T., M. D. Power, F. R. Masiarz, P. A. Luciw, P. J. Barr, and H. E. Varmus. 1988. Characterization of ribosomal frameshifting in HIV-1 gag-pol expression. Nature 331:280-283[CrossRef][Medline].
28. Jowett, J. B. M., D. J. Hockley, M. V. Nermut, and I. M. Jones. 1992. Distinct signals in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 Pr55 necessary for RNA binding and particle formation. J. Gen. Virol. 73:3079-3086[Abstract/Free Full Text].
29. Klimkait, T., K. Strebel, M. D. Hoggan, M. A. Martin, and J. M. Orenstein. 1990. The human immunodeficiency virus type 1-specific protein Vpu is required for efficient virus maturation and release. J. Virol. 64:621-629[Abstract/Free Full Text].
30. Kondo, E., F. Mammano, E. A. Cohen, and H. G. Göttlinger. 1995. The p6gag domain of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 is sufficient for the incorporation of Vpr into heterologous viral particles. J. Virol. 69:2759-2764[Abstract].
31. Kondo, E., and H. G. Göttlinger. 1996. A conserved LXXLF sequence is the major determinant in p6gag required for the incorporation of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 Vpr. J. Virol. 70:159-164[Abstract].
32. Kräusslich, H.-G., M. Fäcke, A.-M. Heuser, J. Konvalinka, and H. Zentgraf. 1995. The spacer peptide between human immunodeficiency virus capsid and nucleocapsid proteins is essential for ordered assembly and viral infectivity. J. Virol. 69:3407-3419[Abstract].
33. Lee, P. P., and M. L. Linial. 1994. Efficient particle formation can occur if the matrix domain of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 Gag is substituted by a myristylation signal. J. Virol. 68:6644-6654[Abstract/Free Full Text].
34. Li, M. S., A. G. Garcia, U. Bhattacharyya, P. Mascagni, B. M. Austen, and M. M. Roberts. 1996. The Vpr protein of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 binds to the nucleocapsid protein p7 in vitro. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 218:352-355[CrossRef][Medline].
35. Lu, Y.-L., R. P. Bennett, J. W. Wills, R. Gorelick, and L. Ratner. 1995. A leucine triplet repeat sequence (LXX)4 in p6gag is important for Vpr incorporation into human immunodeficiency virus type 1 particles. J. Virol. 69:6873-6879[Abstract].
36. Lu, Y.-L., P. Spearman, and L. Ratner. 1993. Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 viral protein R localization in infected cells and virions. J. Virol. 67:6542-6550[Abstract/Free Full Text].
37. Mammano, F., Å. Öhagen, S. Höglund, and H. G. Göttlinger. 1994. Role of the major homology region of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 in virion morphogenesis. J. Virol. 68:4927-4936[Abstract/Free Full Text].
38. Momany, C., L. C. Kovari, A. J. Prongay, W. Keller, R. K. Gitti, B. M. Lee, A. E. Gorbalenya, L. Tong, J. McClure, L. S. Ehrlich, M. F. Summers, C. Carter, and M. G. Rossmann. 1996. Crystal structure of dimeric HIV-1 capsid protein. Nat. Struct. Biol. 3:763-770[CrossRef][Medline].
39. O'Shea, E. K., J. D. Klemm, P. S. Kim, and T. Alber. 1991. X-ray structure of the GCN4 leucine zipper, a two-stranded, parallel coiled coil. Science 254:539-544[Abstract/Free Full Text].
40. O'Shea, E. K., R. Rutkowski, and P. S. Kim. 1989. Evidence that the leucine zipper is a coiled coil. Science 243:538-542[Abstract/Free Full Text].
41. Ott, D. E., E. N. Chertova, L. K. Busch, L. V. Coren, T. D. Gagliardi, and D. G. Johnson. 1999. Mutational analysis of the hydrophobic tail of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 p6gag protein produces a mutant that fails to package its envelope protein. J. Virol. 73:19-28[Abstract/Free Full Text].
42. Parent, L. J., R. P. Bennett, R. C. Craven, T. D. Nelle, N. K. Krishna, J. B. Bowzard, C. B. Wilson, B. A. Puffer, R. C. Montelaro, and J. W. Wills. 1995. Positionally independent and exchangeable late budding functions of the Rous sarcoma virus and human immunodeficiency virus Gag proteins. J. Virol. 69:5455-5460[Abstract].
43. Paxton, W., R. I. Connor, and N. R. Landau. 1993. Incorporation of Vpr into human immunodeficiency virus type 1 virions: requirement for the p6 region of gag and mutational analysis. J. Virol. 67:7229-7237[Abstract/Free Full Text].
44. Puffer, B. A., L. J. Parent, J. W. Wills, and R. C. Montelaro. 1997. Equine infectious anemia virus utilizes a YXXL motif within the late assembly domain of the Gag p9 protein. J. Virol. 71:6541-6546[Abstract].
45. Reicin, A. S., A. Öhagen, L. Yin, S. Höglund, and S. P. Goff. 1996. The role of Gag in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 virion morphogenesis and early steps of the viral life cycle. J. Virol. 70:8645-8652[Abstract].
46. Reicin, A. S., S. Paik, R. D. Berkowitz, J. Luban, I. Lowy, and S. P. Goff. 1995. Linker insertion mutations in the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 gag gene: effects on virion particle assembly, release, and infectivity. J. Virol. 69:642-650[Abstract].
47. Reil, H., A. A. Bukovsky, H. R. Gelderblom, and H. G. Göttlinger. 1998. Efficient HIV-1 replication can occur in the absence of the viral matrix protein. EMBO J. 17:2699-2708[CrossRef][Medline].
48. Royer, M., M. Cerutti, B. Gay, S.-S. Hong, G. Devauchelle, and P. Boulanger. 1991. Functional domains of HIV-1 gag-polyprotein expressed in baculovirus-infected cells. Virology 184:417-422[CrossRef][Medline].
49. Selig, L., J.-C. Pages, V. Tanchou, S. Preveral, C. Berlioz-Torrent, L. X. Liu, L. Erdtmann, J.-L. Darlix, R. Benarous, and S. Benichou. 1999. Interaction with the p6 domain of the Gag precursor mediates incorporation into virions of Vpr and Vpx proteins from primate lentiviruses. J. Virol. 73:592-600[Abstract/Free Full Text].
50. Terwilliger, E. F., E. A. Cohen, Y. Lu, J. G. Sodroski, and W. A. Haseltine. 1989. Functional role of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 vpu. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 86:5163-5167[Abstract/Free Full Text].
51. Von Schwedler, U. K., T. L. Stemmler, V. Y. Klishko, S. Li, K. H. Albertine, D. R. Davis, and W. I. Sundquist. 1998. Proteolytic refolding of the HIV-1 capsid protein amino-terminus facilitates viral core assembly. EMBO J. 17:1555-1568[CrossRef][Medline].
52. Wang, C.-T., and E. Barklis. 1993. Assembly, processing, and infectivity of human immunodeficiency type 1 Gag mutants. J. Virol. 67:4264-4273[Abstract/Free Full Text].
53. Wang, C.-T., H.-Y. Lai, and J.-J. Li. 1998. Analysis of minimal human immunodeficiency virus type 1 gag coding sequences capable of virus-like particle assembly and release. J. Virol. 72:7950-7959[Abstract/Free Full Text].
54. Wang, C.-T., Y. Zhang, J. McDermott, and E. Barklis. 1993. Conditional infectivity of a human immunodeficiency virus matrix domain deletion mutant. J. Virol. 67:7067-7076[Abstract/Free Full Text].
55. Weissenhorn, W., L. J. Calder, A. Dessen, T. Laue, J. J. Skehel, and D. C. Wiley. 1997. Assembly of a rod-shaped chimera of a trimeric GCN4 zipper and the HIV-1 gp41 ectodomain expressed in Escherichia coli. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 94:6065-6069[Abstract/Free Full Text].
56. Wills, J. W., C. E. Cameron, C. B. Wilson, Y. Xiang, R. P. Bennett, and J. Leis. 1994. An assembly domain of the Rous sarcoma virus Gag protein required late in budding. J. Virol. 68:6605-6618[Abstract/Free Full Text].
57. Xiang, Y., C. E. Cameron, J. W. Wills, and J. Leis. 1996. Fine mapping and characterization of the Rous sarcoma virus Pr76gag late assembly domain. J. Virol. 70:5695-5700[Abstract/Free Full Text].
58. Yasuda, J., and E. Hunter. 1998. A proline-rich motif (PPPY) in the Gag polyprotein of Mason-Pfizer monkey virus plays a maturation-independent role in virion release. J. Virol. 72:4095-4103[Abstract/Free Full Text].
59. Yu, X.-F., L. Dawson, C.-J. Tian, C. Flexner, and M. Dettenhofer. 1998. Mutations of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 p6gag domain result in reduced retention of Pol proteins during virus assembly. J. Virol. 72:3412-3417[Abstract/Free Full Text].
60. Yu, X.-F., Z. Matsuda, Q.-C. Yu, T.-H. Lee, and M. Essex. 1995. Role of the C terminus Gag protein in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 virion assembly and maturation. J. Gen. Virol. 76:3171-3179[Abstract/Free Full Text].
61. Zhang, Y., and E. Barklis. 1997. Effects of nucleocapsid mutations on human immunodeficiency virus assembly and RNA encapsidation. J. Virol. 71:6765-6776[Abstract].
62. Zhang, Y., H. Qian, Z. Love, and E. Barklis. 1998. Analysis of the assembly function of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 Gag protein nucleocapsid domain. J. Virol. 72:1782-1789[Abstract/Free Full Text].
63. Zhou, W., L. J. Parent, J. W. Wills, and M. D. Resh. 1994. Identification of a membrane-binding domain within the amino-terminal region of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 Gag protein which interacts with acidic phospholipids. J. Virol. 68:2556-2569[Abstract/Free Full Text].

Journal of Virology, June 2000, p. 5395-5402, Vol. 74, No. 12
0022-538X/00/$04.00+0
Copyright © 2000, American Society for Microbiology. All rights reserved.


This article has been cited by other articles:

  • Tandon, R., AuCoin, D. P., Mocarski, E. S. (2009). Human Cytomegalovirus Exploits ESCRT Machinery in the Process of Virion Maturation. J. Virol. 83: 10797-10807 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Sherer, N. M., Swanson, C. M., Papaioannou, S., Malim, M. H. (2009). Matrix Mediates the Functional Link between Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 RNA Nuclear Export Elements and the Assembly Competency of Gag in Murine Cells. J. Virol. 83: 8525-8535 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Molle, D., Segura-Morales, C., Camus, G., Berlioz-Torrent, C., Kjems, J., Basyuk, E., Bertrand, E. (2009). Endosomal Trafficking of HIV-1 Gag and Genomic RNAs Regulates Viral Egress. J. Biol. Chem. 284: 19727-19743 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Hogue, I. B., Hoppe, A., Ono, A. (2009). Quantitative Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer Microscopy Analysis of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Gag-Gag Interaction: Relative Contributions of the CA and NC Domains and Membrane Binding. J. Virol. 83: 7322-7336 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Popov, S., Popova, E., Inoue, M., Gottlinger, H. G. (2009). Divergent Bro1 Domains Share the Capacity To Bind Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Nucleocapsid and To Enhance Virus-Like Particle Production. J. Virol. 83: 7185-7193 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Crist, R. M., Datta, S. A. K., Stephen, A. G., Soheilian, F., Mirro, J., Fisher, R. J., Nagashima, K., Rein, A. (2009). Assembly Properties of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Gag-Leucine Zipper Chimeras: Implications for Retrovirus Assembly. J. Virol. 83: 2216-2225 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Heslin, D. J., Murcia, P., Arnaud, F., Van Doorslaer, K., Palmarini, M., Lenz, J. (2009). A Single Amino Acid Substitution in a Segment of the CA Protein within Gag That Has Similarity to Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Blocks Infectivity of a Human Endogenous Retrovirus K Provirus in the Human Genome. J. Virol. 83: 1105-1114 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Pizzato, M., Popova, E., Gottlinger, H. G. (2008). Nef Can Enhance the Infectivity of Receptor-Pseudotyped Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Particles. J. Virol. 82: 10811-10819 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Keller, P. W., Johnson, M. C., Vogt, V. M. (2008). Mutations in the Spacer Peptide and Adjoining Sequences in Rous Sarcoma Virus Gag Lead to Tubular Budding. J. Virol. 82: 6788-6797 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Zhou, Y., Rong, L., Lu, J., Pan, Q., Liang, C. (2008). Insulin-Like Growth Factor II mRNA Binding Protein 1 Associates with Gag Protein of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1, and Its Overexpression Affects Virus Assembly. J. Virol. 82: 5683-5692 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Usami, Y., Popov, S., Popova, E., Gottlinger, H. G. (2008). Efficient and Specific Rescue of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Budding Defects by a Nedd4-Like Ubiquitin Ligase. J. Virol. 82: 4898-4907 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Okumura, A., Pitha, P. M., Harty, R. N. (2008). ISG15 inhibits Ebola VP40 VLP budding in an L-domain-dependent manner by blocking Nedd4 ligase activity. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 105: 3974-3979 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Popov, S., Popova, E., Inoue, M., Gottlinger, H. G. (2008). Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Gag Engages the Bro1 Domain of ALIX/AIP1 through the Nucleocapsid. J. Virol. 82: 1389-1398 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Ryo, A., Tsurutani, N., Ohba, K., Kimura, R., Komano, J., Nishi, M., Soeda, H., Hattori, S., Perrem, K., Yamamoto, M., Chiba, J., Mimaya, J.-i., Yoshimura, K., Matsushita, S., Honda, M., Yoshimura, A., Sawasaki, T., Aoki, I., Morikawa, Y., Yamamoto, N. (2008). SOCS1 is an inducible host factor during HIV-1 infection and regulates the intracellular trafficking and stability of HIV-1 Gag. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 105: 294-299 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Tian, C., Wang, T., Zhang, W., Yu, X.-F. (2007). Virion packaging determinants and reverse transcription of SRP RNA in HIV-1 particles. Nucleic Acids Res 35: 7288-7302 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Li, H., Dou, J., Ding, L., Spearman, P. (2007). Myristoylation Is Required for Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Gag-Gag Multimerization in Mammalian Cells. J. Virol. 81: 12899-12910 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Larsen, L. S. Z., Zhang, M., Beliakova-Bethell, N., Bilanchone, V., Lamsa, A., Nagashima, K., Najdi, R., Kosaka, K., Kovacevic, V., Cheng, J., Baldi, P., Hatfield, G. W., Sandmeyer, S. (2007). Ty3 Capsid Mutations Reveal Early and Late Functions of the Amino-Terminal Domain. J. Virol. 81: 6957-6972 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Usami, Y., Popov, S., Gottlinger, H. G. (2007). Potent Rescue of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Late Domain Mutants by ALIX/AIP1 Depends on Its CHMP4 Binding Site. J. Virol. 81: 6614-6622 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Chatel-Chaix, L., Abrahamyan, L., Frechina, C., Mouland, A. J., DesGroseillers, L. (2007). The Host Protein Staufen1 Participates in Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Assembly in Live Cells by Influencing pr55Gag Multimerization. J. Virol. 81: 6216-6230 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Liao, W.-H., Huang, K.-J., Chang, Y.-F., Wang, S.-M., Tseng, Y.-T., Chiang, C.-C., Wang, J.-J., Wang, C.-T. (2007). Incorporation of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Reverse Transcriptase into Virus-Like Particles. J. Virol. 81: 5155-5165 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Zamborlini, A., Usami, Y., Radoshitzky, S. R., Popova, E., Palu, G., Gottlinger, H. (2006). Release of autoinhibition converts ESCRT-III components into potent inhibitors of HIV-1 budding. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 103: 19140-19145 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Ulbrich, P., Haubova, S., Nermut, M. V., Hunter, E., Rumlova, M., Ruml, T. (2006). Distinct Roles for Nucleic Acid in In Vitro Assembly of Purified Mason-Pfizer Monkey Virus CANC Proteins. J. Virol. 80: 7089-7099 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Roy, B. B., Hu, J., Guo, X., Russell, R. S., Guo, F., Kleiman, L., Liang, C. (2006). Association of RNA Helicase A with Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Particles. J. Biol. Chem. 281: 12625-12635 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • ONAFUWA-NUGA, A. A., TELESNITSKY, A., KING, S. R. (2006). 7SL RNA, but not the 54-kd signal recognition particle protein, is an abundant component of both infectious HIV-1 and minimal virus-like particles. RNA 12: 542-546 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Auerbach, M. R., Brown, K. R., Kaplan, A., de Las Nueces, D., Singh, I. R. (2006). A Small Loop in the Capsid Protein of Moloney Murine Leukemia Virus Controls Assembly of Spherical Cores. J. Virol. 80: 2884-2893 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Hui, E. K.-W., Barman, S., Tang, D. H.-P., France, B., Nayak, D. P. (2006). YRKL Sequence of Influenza Virus M1 Functions as the L Domain Motif and Interacts with VPS28 and Cdc42. J. Virol. 80: 2291-2308 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Lingappa, J. R., Dooher, J. E., Newman, M. A., Kiser, P. K., Klein, K. C. (2006). Basic Residues in the Nucleocapsid Domain of Gag Are Required for Interaction of HIV-1 Gag with ABCE1 (HP68), a Cellular Protein Important for HIV-1 Capsid Assembly. J. Biol. Chem. 281: 3773-3784 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Wirblich, C., Bhattacharya, B., Roy, P. (2006). Nonstructural Protein 3 of Bluetongue Virus Assists Virus Release by Recruiting ESCRT-I Protein Tsg101. J. Virol. 80: 460-473 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Fossen, T., Wray, V., Bruns, K., Rachmat, J., Henklein, P., Tessmer, U., Maczurek, A., Klinger, P., Schubert, U. (2005). Solution Structure of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 p6 Protein. J. Biol. Chem. 280: 42515-42527 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Alfadhli, A., Dhenub, T. C., Still, A., Barklis, E. (2005). Analysis of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Gag Dimerization-Induced Assembly. J. Virol. 79: 14498-14506 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Ott, D. E., Coren, L. V., Gagliardi, T. D. (2005). Redundant Roles for Nucleocapsid and Matrix RNA-Binding Sequences in Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Assembly. J. Virol. 79: 13839-13847 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Gurer, C., Hoglund, A., Hoglund, S., Luban, J. (2005). ATP{gamma}S Disrupts Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Virion Core Integrity. J. Virol. 79: 5557-5567 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Roldan, A., Warren, O. U., Russell, R. S., Liang, C., Wainberg, M. A. (2005). A HIV-1 Minimal Gag Protein Is Superior to Nucleocapsid at in Vitro Annealing and Exhibits Multimerization-induced Inhibition of Reverse Transcription. J. Biol. Chem. 280: 17488-17496 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Schmitt, A. P., Leser, G. P., Morita, E., Sundquist, W. I., Lamb, R. A. (2005). Evidence for a New Viral Late-Domain Core Sequence, FPIV, Necessary for Budding of a Paramyxovirus. J. Virol. 79: 2988-2997 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Guo, X., Roldan, A., Hu, J., Wainberg, M. A., Liang, C. (2005). Mutation of the SP1 Sequence Impairs both Multimerization and Membrane-Binding Activities of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Gag. J. Virol. 79: 1803-1812 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Forshey, B. M., Shi, J., Aiken, C. (2005). Structural Requirements for Recognition of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Core during Host Restriction in Owl Monkey Cells. J. Virol. 79: 869-875 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Luo, K., Liu, B., Xiao, Z., Yu, Y., Yu, X., Gorelick, R., Yu, X.-F. (2004). Amino-Terminal Region of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Nucleocapsid Is Required for Human APOBEC3G Packaging. J. Virol. 78: 11841-11852 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Zennou, V., Perez-Caballero, D., Gottlinger, H., Bieniasz, P. D. (2004). APOBEC3G Incorporation into Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Particles. J. Virol. 78: 12058-12061 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Roldan, A., Russell, R. S., Marchand, B., Gotte, M., Liang, C., Wainberg, M. A. (2004). In Vitro Identification and Characterization of an Early Complex Linking HIV-1 Genomic RNA Recognition and Pr55Gag Multimerization. J. Biol. Chem. 279: 39886-39894 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Melamed, D., Mark-Danieli, M., Kenan-Eichler, M., Kraus, O., Castiel, A., Laham, N., Pupko, T., Glaser, F., Ben-Tal, N., Bacharach, E. (2004). The Conserved Carboxy Terminus of the Capsid Domain of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Gag Protein Is Important for Virion Assembly and Release. J. Virol. 78: 9675-9688 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Cen, S., Guo, F., Niu, M., Saadatmand, J., Deflassieux, J., Kleiman, L. (2004). The Interaction between HIV-1 Gag and APOBEC3G. J. Biol. Chem. 279: 33177-33184 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Irie, T., Licata, J. M., Jayakar, H. R., Whitt, M. A., Bell, P., Harty, R. N. (2004). Functional Analysis of Late-Budding Domain Activity Associated with the PSAP Motif within the Vesicular Stomatitis Virus M Protein. J. Virol. 78: 7823-7827 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Lindwasser, O. W., Resh, M. D. (2004). Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Gag Contains a Dileucine-Like Motif That Regulates Association with Multivesicular Bodies. J. Virol. 78: 6013-6023 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Blot, V., Perugi, F., Gay, B., Prevost, M.-C., Briant, L., Tangy, F., Abriel, H., Staub, O., Dokhelar, M.-C., Pique, C. (2004). Nedd4.1-mediated ubiquitination and subsequent recruitment of Tsg101 ensure HTLV-1 Gag trafficking towards the multivesicular body pathway prior to virus budding. J. Cell Sci. 117: 2357-2367 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Ganser-Pornillos, B. K., von Schwedler, U. K., Stray, K. M., Aiken, C., Sundquist, W. I. (2004). Assembly Properties of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 CA Protein. J. Virol. 78: 2545-2552 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Derdowski, A., Ding, L., Spearman, P. (2004). A Novel Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer Assay Demonstrates that the Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Pr55Gag I Domain Mediates Gag-Gag Interactions. J. Virol. 78: 1230-1242 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Guo, X., Hu, J., Whitney, J. B., Russell, R. S., Liang, C. (2004). Important Role for the CA-NC Spacer Region in the Assembly of Bovine Immunodeficiency Virus Gag Protein. J. Virol. 78: 551-560 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Wang, S.-W., Noonan, K., Aldovini, A. (2004). Nucleocapsid-RNA Interactions Are Essential to Structural Stability but Not to Assembly of Retroviruses. J. Virol. 78: 716-723 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Chen, C., Weisz, O. A., Stolz, D. B., Watkins, S. C., Montelaro, R. C. (2004). Differential Effects of Actin Cytoskeleton Dynamics on Equine Infectious Anemia Virus Particle Production. J. Virol. 78: 882-891 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Cen, S., Niu, M., Saadatmand, J., Guo, F., Huang, Y., Nabel, G. J., Kleiman, L. (2004). Incorporation of Pol into Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Gag Virus-Like Particles Occurs Independently of the Upstream Gag Domain in Gag-Pol. J. Virol. 78: 1042-1049 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Ma, Y. M., Vogt, V. M. (2004). Nucleic Acid Binding-Induced Gag Dimerization in the Assembly of Rous Sarcoma Virus Particles In Vitro. J. Virol. 78: 52-60 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Bouamr, F., Melillo, J. A., Wang, M. Q., Nagashima, K., de Los Santos, M., Rein, A., Goff, S. P. (2003). PPPYEPTAP Motif Is the Late Domain of Human T-Cell Leukemia Virus Type 1 Gag and Mediates Its Functional Interaction with Cellular Proteins Nedd4 and Tsg101. J. Virol. 77: 11882-11895 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Larson, D. R., Ma, Y. M., Vogt, V. M., Webb, W. W. (2003). Direct measurement of Gag-Gag interaction during retrovirus assembly with FRET and fluorescence correlation spectroscopy. JCB 162: 1233-1244 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Javanbakht, H., Halwani, R., Cen, S., Saadatmand, J., Musier-Forsyth, K., Gottlinger, H., Kleiman, L. (2003). The Interaction between HIV-1 Gag and Human Lysyl-tRNA Synthetase during Viral Assembly. J. Biol. Chem. 278: 27644-27651 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Hui, E. K.-W., Barman, S., Yang, T. Y., Nayak, D. P. (2003). Basic Residues of the Helix Six Domain of Influenza Virus M1 Involved in Nuclear Translocation of M1 Can Be Replaced by PTAP and YPDL Late Assembly Domain Motifs. J. Virol. 77: 7078-7092 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • zur Megede, J., Otten, G. R., Doe, B., Liu, H., Leung, L., Ulmer, J. B., Donnelly, J. J., Barnett, S. W. (2003). Expression and Immunogenicity of Sequence-Modified Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Subtype B pol and gagpol DNA Vaccines. J. Virol. 77: 6197-6207 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Ott, D. E., Coren, L. V., Chertova, E. N., Gagliardi, T. D., Nagashima, K., Sowder, R. C. II, Poon, D. T. K., Gorelick, R. J. (2003). Elimination of Protease Activity Restores Efficient Virion Production to a Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Nucleocapsid Deletion Mutant. J. Virol. 77: 5547-5556 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • von Schwedler, U. K., Stray, K. M., Garrus, J. E., Sundquist, W. I. (2003). Functional Surfaces of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Capsid Protein. J. Virol. 77: 5439-5450 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Halwani, R., Khorchid, A., Cen, S., Kleiman, L. (2003). Rapid Localization of Gag/GagPol Complexes to Detergent-Resistant Membrane during the Assembly of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1. J. Virol. 77: 3973-3984 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Liang, C., Hu, J., Whitney, J. B., Kleiman, L., Wainberg, M. A. (2003). A Structurally Disordered Region at the C Terminus of Capsid Plays Essential Roles in Multimerization and Membrane Binding of the Gag Protein of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1. J. Virol. 77: 1772-1783 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Wang, S.-W., Aldovini, A. (2002). RNA Incorporation Is Critical for Retroviral Particle Integrity after Cell Membrane Assembly of Gag Complexes. J. Virol. 76: 11853-11865 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Johnson, M. C., Scobie, H. M., Ma, Y. M., Vogt, V. M. (2002). Nucleic Acid-Independent Retrovirus Assembly Can Be Driven by Dimerization. J. Virol. 76: 11177-11185 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Liang, C., Hu, J., Russell, R. S., Roldan, A., Kleiman, L., Wainberg, M. A. (2002). Characterization of a Putative {alpha}-Helix across the Capsid-SP1 Boundary That Is Critical for the Multimerization of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Gag. J. Virol. 76: 11729-11737 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Feng, Y.-X., Li, T., Campbell, S., Rein, A. (2002). Reversible Binding of Recombinant Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Gag Protein to Nucleic Acids in Virus-Like Particle Assembly In Vitro. J. Virol. 76: 11757-11762 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Sakalian, M., Dittmer, S. S., Gandy, A. D., Rapp, N. D., Zabransky, A., Hunter, E. (2002). The Mason-Pfizer Monkey Virus Internal Scaffold Domain Enables In Vitro Assembly of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Gag. J. Virol. 76: 10811-10820 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Le Blanc, I., Prevost, M.-C., Dokhelar, M.-C., Rosenberg, A. R. (2002). The PPPY Motif of Human T-Cell Leukemia Virus Type 1 Gag Protein Is Required Early in the Budding Process. J. Virol. 76: 10024-10029 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Lanman, J., Sexton, J., Sakalian, M., Prevelige, P. E. Jr. (2002). Kinetic Analysis of the Role of Intersubunit Interactions in Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Capsid Protein Assembly In Vitro. J. Virol. 76: 6900-6908 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Ma, Y. M., Vogt, V. M. (2002). Rous Sarcoma Virus Gag Protein-Oligonucleotide Interaction Suggests a Critical Role for Protein Dimer Formation in Assembly. J. Virol. 76: 5452-5462 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Strack, B., Calistri, A., Gottlinger, H. G. (2002). Late Assembly Domain Function Can Exhibit Context Dependence and Involves Ubiquitin Residues Implicated in Endocytosis. J. Virol. 76: 5472-5479 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Freed, E. O. (2002). Viral Late Domains. J. Virol. 76: 4679-4687 [Full Text]  
  • Schmitt, A. P., Leser, G. P., Waning, D. L., Lamb, R. A. (2002). Requirements for Budding of Paramyxovirus Simian Virus 5 Virus-Like Particles. J. Virol. 76: 3952-3964 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Storni, T., Lechner, F., Erdmann, I., Bachi, T., Jegerlehner, A., Dumrese, T., Kundig, T. M., Ruedl, C., Bachmann, M. F. (2002). Critical Role for Activation of Antigen-Presenting Cells in Priming of Cytotoxic T Cell Responses After Vaccination with Virus-Like Particles. J. Immunol. 168: 2880-2886 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Demirov, D. G., Orenstein, J. M., Freed, E. O. (2002). The Late Domain of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 p6 Promotes Virus Release in a Cell Type-Dependent Manner. J. Virol. 76: 105-117 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Harty, R. N., Brown, M. E., McGettigan, J. P., Wang, G., Jayakar, H. R., Huibregtse, J. M., Whitt, M. A., Schnell, M. J. (2001). Rhabdoviruses and the Cellular Ubiquitin-Proteasome System: a Budding Interaction. J. Virol. 75: 10623-10629 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Chen, C., Li, F., Montelaro, R. C. (2001). Functional Roles of Equine Infectious Anemia Virus Gag p9 in Viral Budding and Infection. J. Virol. 75: 9762-9770 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Lindwasser, O. W., Resh, M. D. (2001). Multimerization of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Gag Promotes Its Localization to Barges, Raft-Like Membrane Microdomains. J. Virol. 75: 7913-7924 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Bowzard, J. B., Wills, J. W., Craven, R. C. (2001). Second-Site Suppressors of Rous Sarcoma Virus CA Mutations: Evidence for Interdomain Interactions. J. Virol. 75: 6850-6856 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Yu, F., Joshi, S. M., Ma, Y. M., Kingston, R. L., Simon, M. N., Vogt, V. M. (2001). Characterization of Rous Sarcoma Virus Gag Particles Assembled In Vitro. J. Virol. 75: 2753-2764 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Bacharach, E., Gonsky, J., Alin, K., Orlova, M., Goff, S. P. (2000). The Carboxy-Terminal Fragment of Nucleolin Interacts with the Nucleocapsid Domain of Retroviral Gag Proteins and Inhibits Virion Assembly. J. Virol. 74: 11027-11039 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Harty, R. N., Brown, M. E., Wang, G., Huibregtse, J., Hayes, F. P. (2000). A PPxY motif within the VP40 protein of Ebola virus interacts physically and functionally with a ubiquitin ligase: Implications for filovirus budding. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 10.1073/pnas.250277297v1 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Vogt, V. M. (2000). Ubiquitin in retrovirus assembly: Actor or bystander?. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 97: 12945-12947 [Full Text]  
  • Strack, B., Calistri, A., Accola, M. A., Palu, G., Gottlinger, H. G. (2000). A role for ubiquitin ligase recruitment in retrovirus release. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 97: 13063-13068 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Harty, R. N., Brown, M. E., Wang, G., Huibregtse, J., Hayes, F. P. (2000). A PPxY motif within the VP40 protein of Ebola virus interacts physically and functionally with a ubiquitin ligase: Implications for filovirus budding. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 97: 13871-13876 [Abstract] [Full Text]  

This Article
Right arrow Abstract Freely available
Right arrow Full Text (PDF)
Right arrow Alert me when this article is cited
Right arrow Alert me if a correction is posted
Services
Right arrow Similar articles in this journal
Right arrow Similar articles in PubMed
Right arrow Alert me to new issues of the journal
Right arrow Download to citation manager
Right arrowReprints and Permissions
Right arrow Copyright Information
Right arrow Books from ASM Press
Right arrow MicrobeWorld
Citing Articles
Right arrow Citing Articles via HighWire
Right arrow Citing Articles via Google Scholar
Google Scholar
Right arrow Articles by Accola, M. A.
Right arrow Articles by Göttlinger, H. G.
Right arrow Search for Related Content
PubMed
Right arrow PubMed Citation
Right arrow Articles by Accola, M. A.
Right arrow Articles by Göttlinger, H. G.

Copyright © 2009 by the American Society for Microbiology.   For an alternate route to Journals.ASM.org, visit: http://intl-journals.asm.org | More Info»