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Journal of Virology, March 2000, p. 2131-2141, Vol. 74, No. 5
0022-538X/00/$04.00+0
Copyright © 2000, American Society for Microbiology. All rights reserved.

Cytoplasm-to-Nucleus Translocation of a Herpesvirus Tegument Protein during Cell Division

Gillian Elliott1,* and Peter O'Hare2

Virus Assembly Group1 and Herpesvirus Group,2 Marie Curie Research Institute, The Chart, Oxted, Surrey RH8 0TL, United Kingdom

Received 15 November 1999/Accepted 13 December 1999

We have previously shown that the herpes simplex virus tegument protein VP22 localizes predominantly to the cytoplasm of expressing cells. We have also shown that VP22 has the unusual property of intercellular spread, which involves the movement of VP22 from the cytoplasm of these expressing cells into the nuclei of nonexpressing cells. Thus, VP22 can localize in two distinct subcellular patterns. By utilizing time-lapse confocal microscopy of live cells expressing a green fluorescent protein-tagged protein, we now report in detail the intracellular trafficking properties of VP22 in expressing cells, as opposed to the intercellular trafficking of VP22 between expressing and nonexpressing cells. Our results show that during interphase VP22 appears to be targeted exclusively to the cytoplasm of the expressing cell. However, at the early stages of mitosis VP22 translocates from the cytoplasm to the nucleus, where it immediately binds to the condensing cellular chromatin and remains bound there through all stages of mitosis and chromatin decondensation into the G1 stage of the next cycle. Hence, in VP22-expressing cells the subcellular localization of the protein is regulated by the cell cycle such that initially cytoplasmic protein becomes nuclear during cell division, resulting in a gradual increase over time in the number of nuclear VP22-expressing cells. Importantly, we demonstrate that this process is a feature not only of VP22 expressed in isolation but also of VP22 expressed during virus infection. Thus, VP22 utilizes an unusual pathway for nuclear targeting in cells expressing the protein which differs from the nuclear targeting pathway used during intercellular trafficking.

* Corresponding author. Mailing address: Virus Assembly Group, Marie Curie Research Institute, The Chart, Oxted, Surrey RH8 0TL, United Kingdom. Phone: 01883 722306. Fax: 01883 714375. E-mail: g.elliott{at}mcri.ac.uk.

Journal of Virology, March 2000, p. 2131-2141, Vol. 74, No. 5
0022-538X/00/$04.00+0
Copyright © 2000, American Society for Microbiology. All rights reserved.


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