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Journal of Virology, September 1998, p. 7367-7373, Vol. 72, No. 9
0022-538X/98/$04.00+0
Copyright © 1998, American Society for Microbiology. All rights reserved.

Molecular Basis for the Generation in Pigs of Influenza A Viruses with Pandemic Potential

Toshihiro Ito,1,dagger J. Nelson S. S. Couceiro,2 Sørge Kelm,3 Linda G. Baum,4 Scott Krauss,5 Maria R. Castrucci,6 Isabella Donatelli,6 Hiroshi Kida,1 James C. Paulson,7 Robert G. Webster,5,8 and Yoshihiro Kawaoka5,8,*

Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Disease Control, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060, Japan1; Departamento de Virologia, Instituto de Microbiologia, UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21941-590, Brazil2; Biochemisches Institut, University of Kiel, 24098 Kiel, Germany3; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California 90024-17324; Department of Virology and Molecular Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee 381015; Department of Virology, Istituto Superiore di Sanita, Rome, Italy6; Cytel, Inc., and Department of Chemistry, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 920377; and Department of Pathology, University of Tennessee, Memphis, Tennessee 381638

Received 17 March 1998/Accepted 19 May 1998

Genetic and biologic observations suggest that pigs may serve as "mixing vessels" for the generation of human-avian influenza A virus reassortants, similar to those responsible for the 1957 and 1968 pandemics. Here we demonstrate a structural basis for this hypothesis. Cell surface receptors for both human and avian influenza viruses were identified in the pig trachea, providing a milieu conducive to viral replication and genetic reassortment. Surprisingly, with continued replication, some avian-like swine viruses acquired the ability to recognize human virus receptors, raising the possibility of their direct transmission to human populations. These findings help to explain the emergence of pandemic influenza viruses and support the need for continued surveillance of swine for viruses carrying avian virus genes.

* Corresponding author. Present address: Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 2015 Linden Dr. West, Madison, WI 53706. Phone: (608) 265-4925. Fax: (608) 265-5622. E-mail: kawaokay{at}svm.vetmed.wisc.edu.

dagger Present address: Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, Koyama-cho, Tottori, Japan.

Journal of Virology, September 1998, p. 7367-7373, Vol. 72, No. 9
0022-538X/98/$04.00+0
Copyright © 1998, American Society for Microbiology. All rights reserved.


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