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J Virol, August 1998, p. 6332-6338, Vol. 72, No. 8
0022-538X/98/$04.00+0
Copyright © 1998, American Society for Microbiology. All rights reserved.
Determinants of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Envelope
Glycoprotein Activation by Soluble CD4 and Monoclonal
Antibodies
Nancy
Sullivan,1,2
Ying
Sun,1
James
Binley,3,4
Juliette
Lee,1
Carlos F.
Barbas III,3
Paul W. H. I.
Parren,3
Dennis R.
Burton,3 and
Joseph
Sodroski1,2,*
Division of Human Retrovirology, Dana-Farber Cancer
Institute, Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical
School,1 and
Department of Cancer
Biology, Harvard School of Public Health,2
Boston, Massachusetts 02115;
Departments of Immunology and
Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla,
California 920373; and
Aaron Diamond
AIDS Research Center, New York University School of Medicine, New
York, New York 100164
Received 21 January 1998/Accepted 25 April 1998
Infection by some human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1)
isolates is enhanced by the binding of subneutralizing concentrations of soluble receptor, soluble CD4 (sCD4), or monoclonal antibodies directed against the viral envelope glycoproteins. In this work, we
studied the abilities of different antibodies to mediate activation of
the envelope glycoproteins of a primary HIV-1 isolate, YU2, and
identified the regions of gp120 envelope glycoprotein contributing to
activation. Binding of antibodies to a variety of epitopes on gp120,
including the CD4 binding site, the third variable (V3) loop, and
CD4-induced epitopes, enhanced the entry of viruses containing YU2
envelope glycoproteins. Fab fragments of antibodies directed against
either the CD4 binding site or V3 loop also activated YU2 virus
infection. The activation phenotype was conferred on the envelope
glycoproteins of a laboratory-adapted HIV-1 isolate (HXBc2) by
replacing the gp120 V3 loop or V1/V2 and V3 loops with those of the YU2
virus. Infection by the YU2 virus in the presence of activating
antibodies remained inhibitable by macrophage inhibitory protein 1
,
indicating dependence on the CCR5 coreceptor on the target cells. Thus,
antibody enhancement of YU2 entry involves neither Fc receptor binding
nor envelope glycoprotein cross-linking, is determined by the same
variable loops that dictate enhancement by sCD4, and probably proceeds
by a process fundamentally similar to the receptor-activated virus
entry pathway.
*
Corresponding author. Mailing address: Dana-Farber
Cancer Institute, 44 Binney St., Jimmy Fund Building, Room JFB 824, Boston, MA 02115. Phone: (617) 632-3371. Fax: (617) 632-4338. E-mail: Joseph_Sodroski{at}dfci.harvard.edu.
J Virol, August 1998, p. 6332-6338, Vol. 72, No. 8
0022-538X/98/$04.00+0
Copyright © 1998, American Society for Microbiology. All rights reserved.
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